Unicode

Data Input and Typefaces

On Linux platforms, data input is not a hassle, since most tools support Unicode input right away, mostly in forma of a acharacter map. For the proprietary MS platform, we'd like to single out Sharmahd Computing's Unipad, for which we've found an additional keyboard for Polytonic Greek. We lost the original place of download, and unfortunately the original author's name isn't included.

Most modern typefaces tend to support Extended Latin and Basic Greek. The Extended (Polytonic) Greek set is found, for example, in the Palatino Linotype, Sylfaen and Thorndale typefaces. A special mention must go to Victor Gaultney's Gentium, for which there are truly wonderful specimens, including the full Ancient Greek set. Another is Juan José Marcos' Alphabetum font, which contains not only classic & medieval Latin, ancient Greek, but also Old Italic — Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, Messapic, Picene — Gothic, Iberian, Celtiberian, old & middle English, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Runic, Ogham, Ugaritic, Old Persian cuneiform, old & medieval Nordic and I.P.A.

Browser Support

Usually, the Firefox browser makes the best job of rendering Unicode texts because it automatically tries to provide a complete display, even switching typefaces as necessary.

Here are short samples in Arabic and Polytonic Greek.

ما هي الشفرة الموحدة "يونِكود" ؟

أساسًا، تتعامل الحواسيب فقط مع الأرقام، وتقوم بتخزين الأحرف والمحارف الأخرى بعد أن تُعطي رقما معينا لكل واحد منها. وقبل اختراع "يونِكود"، كان هناك مئات الأنظمة للتشفير وتخصيص هذه الأرقام للمحارف، ولم يوجد نظام تشفير واحد يحتوي على جميع المحارف الضرورية. وعلى سبيل المثال، فإن الاتحاد الأوروبي لوحده، احتوى العديد من الشفرات المختلفة ليغطي جميع اللغات المستخدمة في الاتحاد. وحتى لو اعتبرنا لغة واحدة، كاللغة الإنجليزية، فإن جدول شفرة واحد لم يكف لاستيعاب جميع الأحرف وعلامات الترقيم والرموز الفنية والعلمية الشائعة الاستعما

ΙΛΙΑΔΟΣ

Α Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω ᾿Αχιλῆος / οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ ᾿Αχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε, / πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς ῎Αϊδι προΐαψεν / ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν / οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή, / ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε / ᾿Ατρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος ᾿Αχιλλεύς.

Merely another test, here is a small group of Unicode signs. They should display in various degrees, according to which Unicode fonts are installed on your system (Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, Palatino Linotype, Lucida Sans Unicode, &c.).

ASCII + Latin 1 Supplement

! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;< = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ

Latin Extended A

Ā ā Ă ă Ą ą Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Ď ď Đ đ Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Į į İ ı Ĳ ĳ Ĵ ĵ Ķ ķ ĸ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ Ľ ľ Ŀ ŀ Ł ł Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ŉ Ŋ ŋ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ő ő Œ œ Ŕ ŕ Ŗ ŗ Ř ř Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Ş ş Š š Ţ ţ Ť ť Ŧ ŧ Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ů ů Ű ű Ų ų Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ſ

Latin Extended B

ƀ Ɓ Ƃ ƃ Ƅ ƅ Ɔ Ƈ ƈ Ɖ Ɗ Ƌ ƌ ƍ Ǝ Ə Ɛ Ƒ ƒ Ɠ Ɣ ƕ Ɩ Ɨ Ƙ ƙ ƚ ƛ Ɯ Ɲ ƞ Ɵ Ơ ơ Ƣ ƣ Ƥ ƥ Ʀ Ƨ ƨ Ʃ ƪ ƫ Ƭ ƭ Ʈ Ư ư Ʊ Ʋ Ƴ ƴ Ƶ ƶ Ʒ Ƹ ƹ ƺ ƻ Ƽ ƽ ƾ ƿ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ Ǆ ǅ ǆ Ǉ ǈ ǉ Ǌ ǋ ǌ Ǎ ǎ Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ Ǖ ǖ Ǘ ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ ǝ Ǟ ǟ Ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǣ Ǥ ǥ Ǧ ǧ Ǩ ǩ Ǫ ǫ Ǭ ǭ Ǯ ǯ ǰ Ǳ ǲ ǳ Ǵ ǵ Ƕ Ƿ Ǹ ǹ Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Ǿ ǿ Ȁ ȁ Ȃ ȃ Ȅ ȅ Ȇ ȇ Ȉ ȉ Ȋ ȋ Ȍ ȍ Ȏ ȏ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ȕ ȕ Ȗ ȗ Ș ș Ț ț Ȝ ȝ Ȟ ȟ Ƞ Ȣ ȣ Ȥ ȥ Ȧ ȧ Ȩ ȩ Ȫ ȫ Ȭ ȭ Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ȳ ȳ

Latin Extended Additional

Ḁ ḁ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ḉ ḉ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḏ ḏ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ḙ ḙ Ḛ ḛ Ḝ ḝ Ḟ ḟ Ḡ ḡ Ḣ ḣ Ḥ ḥ Ḧ ḧ Ḩ ḩ Ḫ ḫ Ḭ ḭ Ḯ ḯ Ḱ ḱ Ḳ ḳ Ḵ ḵ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ Ḻ ḻ Ḽ ḽ Ḿ ḿ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ Ṅ ṅ Ṇ ṇ Ṉ ṉ Ṋ ṋ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ṑ ṑ Ṓ ṓ Ṕ ṕ Ṗ ṗ Ṙ ṙ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ṡ ṡ Ṣ ṣ Ṥ ṥ Ṧ ṧ Ṩ ṩ Ṫ ṫ Ṭ ṭ Ṯ ṯ Ṱ ṱ Ṳ ṳ Ṵ ṵ Ṷ ṷ Ṹ ṹ Ṻ ṻ Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ẁ ẁ Ẃ ẃ Ẅ ẅ Ẇ ẇ Ẉ ẉ Ẋ ẋ Ẍ ẍ Ẏ ẏ Ẑ ẑ Ẓ ẓ Ẕ ẕ ẖ ẗ ẘ ẙ ẚ ẛ Ạ ạ Ả ả Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ậ ậ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ ặ Ẹ ẹ Ẻ ẻ Ẽ ẽ Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ỉ ỉ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ỏ ỏ Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ụ ụ Ủ ủ Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỵ ỵ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ

Greek and Coptic

ʹ ͵ ͺ ; ΄ ΅ Ά · Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ ϐ ϑ ϒ ϓ ϔ ϕ ϖ Ϙ ϙ ϗ Ϛ ϛ Ϝ ϝ Ϟ ϟ Ϡ ϡ Ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϥ Ϧ ϧ Ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϫ Ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϶

Greek Extended

ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί ῝ ῞ ῟ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾

Runic

ᚠ ᚡ ᚢ ᚣ ᚤ ᚥ ᚦ ᚧ ᚨ ᚩ ᚪ ᚫ ᚬ ᚭ ᚮ ᚯ ᚰ ᚱ ᚲ ᚳ ᚴ ᚵ ᚶ ᚷ ᚸ ᚹ ᚺ ᚻ ᚼ ᚽ ᚾ ᚿ ᛀ ᛁ ᛂ ᛃ ᛄ ᛅ ᛆ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛋ ᛌ ᛍ ᛎ ᛏ ᛐ ᛑ ᛒ ᛓ ᛔ ᛕ ᛖ ᛗ ᛘ ᛙ ᛚ ᛛ ᛜ ᛝ ᛞ ᛟ ᛠ ᛡ ᛢ ᛣ ᛤ ᛥ ᛦ ᛧ ᛨ ᛩ ᛪ ᛫ ᛬ ᛭ ᛮ ᛯ ᛰ

The following are various characters used for scientific texts:

Character	Hexadecimal	Name
〚	U+0301A	LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET
〛	U+0301B	RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET
‖	U+02016	DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE
\|	U+0007C	VERTICAL LINE
+	U+0002B	PLUS SIGN
⊂	U+02282	SUBSET OF
⊃	U+02283	SUPERSET OF
☧	U+02627	CHI RHO
✠	U+2720	MALTESE CROSS
※	U+203B	REFERENCE MARK
Ϝ	U+03DC	GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA
ϲ	U+03F2	GREEK LUNATE SIGMA SYMBOL
Ϡ	U+03E0	GREEK LETTER SAMPI
Ϟ	U+03DE	GREEK LETTER KOPPA
Ϙ	U+03D8	GREEK LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA
Ϛ	U+03DA	GREEK LETTER STIGMA
▲	U+025B2	BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE
▴	U+025B4	BLACK UP-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE
▼	U+025BC	BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE
▾	U+025BE	BLACK DOWN-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE
⋮	U+022EE	VERTICAL ELLIPSIS
〈	U+03008	LEFT ANGLE BRACKET
〉	U+03009	RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET
《	U+0300A	LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
》	U+0300B	RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET
〈	U+02329	LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
〉	U+0232A	RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
⌜o	U+0231C	TOP LEFT CORNER
o⌝	U+0231D	TOP RIGHT CORNER
′o	U+02032	PRIME
o‵	U+02035	REVERSED PRIME
∘	U+02218	RING OPERATOR
∙	U+02219	BULLET OPERATOR
Ⅰ	U+02160	ROMAN NUMERAL ONE
Ⅴ	U+02164	ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE
Ⅹ	U+02169	ROMAN NUMERAL TEN
Ⅼ	U+0216C	ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY
Ⅽ	U+0216D	ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED
Ⅾ	U+0216E	ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE HUNDRED
Ⅿ	U+0216F	ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND
ↀ	U+02180	ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND C D
ↁ	U+02181	ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE THOUSAND
ↂ	U+02182	ROMAN NUMERAL TEN THOUSAND
o̥	U+00325	COMBINING RING BELOW
ō	U+00304	COMBINING MACRON
o̅	U+00305	COMBINING OVERLINE
ó	U+00301	COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT
ó	U+00341	COMBINING ACUTE TONE MARK
ô	U+00302	COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
o̵	U+00335	COMBINING SHORT STROKE OVERLAY
o̶	U+00336	COMBINING LONG STROKE OVERLAY
{	U+0007B	LEFT CURLY BRACKET
}	U+0007D	RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
⁰	U+02070	SUPERSCRIPT ZERO
¹	U+000B9	SUPERSCRIPT ONE
²	U+000B2	SUPERSCRIPT TWO
³	U+000B3	SUPERSCRIPT THREE
⁴	U+02074	SUPERSCRIPT FOUR
⁵	U+02075	SUPERSCRIPT FIVE
⁶	U+02076	SUPERSCRIPT SIX
⁷	U+02077	SUPERSCRIPT SEVEN
⁸	U+02078	SUPERSCRIPT EIGHT
⁹	U+02079	SUPERSCRIPT NINE